Hebrews 10:23-31 – The Lord Will Judge His People

Translation & Sermon by Nate Wilson for Christ the Redeemer Church of Manhattan, KS, 23 June 2019

Omitting greyed-out text should bring verbal presentation down to about 45 minutes.

Intro: Read text

I. (v.23) Hold On/Hold Fast
Let’s hold onto the unrelenting confession of our hope, because the One who promised is faithful.

II. (vs.24-25) Consider/Take cognizance
Let us also take cognizance of one another towards the provocation of love and of good works, 25 not forsaking the gathering together of our­selves (as the custom is with certain persons), but instead being encour­aging – and so much the more while you are seeing The Day getting close.

III. (vs. 26-31) For… the Lord Will Judge

v.26-27 For, if we keep sinning willingly after receiving the full-know­ledge of the truth, a sacrifice for sins is no longer left [available], instead there is a certain fearsome receiving of judgment and an intensity of fire about to devour those in opposition.

v.28-29 If someone who has upset the law of Moses dies without mercy on the basis of two or three witnesses, 29 how much worse punishment do y’all suppose will be deserved by one who has trampled down the Son of God and who has decided that the blood of the covenant (by which he was made holy) is profane, and who has insulted the Spirit of Grace?

    1. Trampled down/despised/shown utter disdain for the Son of God.

    1. Regarded/counted/treated/decided that the blood of the covenant (by which he was made holy) is profane/unholy/unclean/common,

    1. Insulted/outraged/treated despitefully the Spirit of Grace.

vs.30-31 for we know the One who said, “Vengeance belongs to me; I myself will render payback,” [says the Lord,] and again, “The Lord will judge His people.” 31 To fall into the hands of the Living God is fearsome!



Appendix 1: Instances of “the day” in the NASB epistles


Rom. 2:5 But because of your stubbornness and unrepentant heart you are storing up wrath for yourself in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God,

Rom. 2:16 on the day when, according to my gospel, God will judge the secrets of men through Christ Jesus.

Rom. 13:12 The night is almost gone, and the day is near. Therefore let us lay aside the deeds of darkness and put on the armor of light.

1Cor. 1:8 who will also confirm you to the end, blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ.

1Cor. 3:13 each man's work will become evident; for the day will show it because it is to be revealed with fire, and the fire itself will test the quality of each man's work.

1Cor. 5:5 I have decided to deliver such a one to Satan for the destruction of his flesh, so that his spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus.

2Cor. 1:14 just as you also partially did understand us, that we are your reason to be proud as you also are ours, in the day of our Lord Jesus.

Eph. 4:30 Do not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you were sealed for the day of redemption.

Php. 1:6 For I am confident of this very thing, that He who began a good work in you will perfect it until the day of Christ Jesus.

Php. 1:10 so that you may approve the things that are excellent, in order to be sincere and blameless until the day of Christ;

Php. 2:16 holding fast the word of life, so that in the day of Christ I will have reason to glory because I did not run in vain nor toil in vain.

1Thes. 5:2 For you yourselves know full well that the day of the Lord will come just like a thief in the night.

1Thes. 5:4 But you, brethren, are not in darkness, that the day would overtake you like a thief;

2Thes. 2:2 that you not be quickly shaken from your composure or be disturbed either by a spirit or a message or a letter as if from us, to the effect that the day of the Lord has come.

Heb. 10:25 not forsaking our own assembling together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another; and all the more as you see the day drawing near.

1Pet. 2:12 Keep your behavior excellent among the Gentiles, so that in the thing in which they slander you as evildoers, they may because of your good deeds, as they observe them, glorify God in the day of visitation.

2Pet. 1:19 So we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts.

2Pet. 2:9 then the Lord knows how to rescue the godly from temptation, and to keep the unrighteous under punishment for the day of judgment,

2Pet. 3:7 But by His word the present heavens and earth are being reserved for fire, kept for the day of judgment and destruction of ungodly men.

2Pet. 3:10 But the day of the Lord will come like a thief, in which the heavens will pass away with a roar and the elements will be destroyed with intense heat, and the earth and its works will be burned up.

2Pe. 3:12 looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be destroyed by burning, and the elements will melt with intense heat!

2Pe. 3:18 but grow in the grace and knowledge of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. To Him be the glory, both now and to the day of eternity. Amen.

1Jn. 4:17 By this, love is perfected with us, so that we may have confidence in the day of judgment; because as He is, so also are we in this world.


Side-by-side Greek Text & English Versions of Heb. 10:23-31A

Cross-Ref’s

Greek NT

NAW

KJV


23 κατέχωμεν τὴν ὁμολογίαν τῆς ἐλπίδοςB ἀκλινῆ· πιστὸς γὰρ ὁ ἐπαγγειλάμενος·

23 Let’s hold onto the unrelenting confession of our hope, because the One who promised is faithful.

23 Let us hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering; (for he is faithful that promised;)


24 καὶ κατανοῶμεν ἀλλήλους εἰς παροξυσμὸνC ἀγάπης καὶ καλῶν ἔργων,

24 Let us also take cognizance of one another towards the provocation of love and of good works,

24 And let us consider one another to provoke unto love and to good works:


25 μὴ ἐγκαταλείπ­οντες τὴν ἐπισυν­αγωγὴν ἑαυτῶν, καθὼς ἔθος τισίν, ἀλλὰ παρακαλ­οῦντεςD, καὶ τοσ­ούτῳ μᾶλλον, ὅσῳ βλέπετε ἐγγίζ­ουσαν τὴν ἡμέραν.

25 not leaving out the gathering togeth­er of ourselves (as the cus­tom is with certain per­sons), but instead being encour­aging - and so much the more while you are seeing The Day getting close.

25 Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together, as the manner of some is; but ex­hort­ing one an­other: and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching.

v.27 seems to allude to Isa. 26:11b, but is not an exact quote from either the MT or the LXX, although it is closer to the Greek.

26 ῾Εκουσίως γὰρ ἁμαρτανόντωνE ἡμῶν μετὰ τὸ λαβ­εῖν τὴν ἐπίγνωσιν τῆς ἀληθείας, οὐ­κέτι περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἀπολείπεται θυσία,

26 For, if we keep sinning willingly after receiving the full-knowledge of the truth, a sacrifice for sins is no longer left [available];

26 For if we sin wilfully after [that we have] received the knowledge of the truth, there X remaineth no more sacrifice for sins,

קִנְאַת־עָ֔ם אַף־אֵ֖שׁ צָרֶ֥יךָ תֹאכְלֵֽם ...ζῆλος λήμψεται λαὸν ἀπαίδευτον καὶ νῦν πῦρ τοὺς ὑπεναντίους ἔδεται

27 φοβερὰ δέ τις ἐκδοχὴF κρίσεως καὶ πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίεινG μέλλοντος τοὺς ὑπεναντίους.

27 instead there is a certain fearsome receiving of judg­ment and an intens­ity of fire about to devour those in opposition.

27 But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation, which shall devour the adversaries.


28 ἀθετήσας τις νόμον Μωϋσέως χωρὶς οἰκτιρμῶν ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶ μάρτυσιν ἀποθνῄσκει·

28 If someone who has upset the law of Moses dies without mercy on the basis of two or three witnesses,

28 He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses:

v.30 quotes from Deut. 32:35-36, but again is neither an exact quote of the Hebrew nor of the Greek, although it leans closer to the MT this time.

29 πόσῳ δοκεῖτε χείρονος ἀξιωθή­σεταιH τιμωρίας ὁ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ καταπατήσαςI καὶ τὸ αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης κοινὸν ἡγησάμενος, ἐν ᾧ ἡγιάσθη, καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτοςJ ἐνυβρίσαςK;

29 how much worse punishment do y’all suppose will be deserved by the one who has trampled down the Son of God and who has decided that the blood of the coven­ant (by which he was made holy) is profane, and who has insulted the Spirit of Grace?

29 Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, where­with he was sancti­fied, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?

Deut 32:35 ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἐκδικήσεως ἀνταποδώσω ... 36 ὅτι κρινεῖ κύριος τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ

לִ֤י נָקָם֙ וְשִׁלֵּ֔ם ... 36 כִּֽי־יָדִ֤ין יְהוָה֙ עַמּ֔וֹ

30 οἴδαμεν γὰρ τὸν εἰπόντα· ἐμοὶ ἐκδίκησις, ἐγὼ ἀνταποδώσω [λέγει ΚύριοςL]· καὶ πάλιν· Κρινεῖ κύριοςM τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ.

30 For we know the One who said, “Ven­geance belongs to me; I myself will ren­der payback,” [says the Lord,] and again, “The Lord will judge His people.”

30 For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belong­eth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people.


31 φοβερὸνN τὸ ἐμπεσεῖν εἰς χεῖραςO Θεοῦ ζῶντος.

31 To fall into the hands of the Living God is fearsome!

31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.



1From “Book of Life” by Clay Graber

2cf. Isaiah 49:7, 1 Cor. 1:9, 1 Cor. 10:13, 1 Thess. 5:24, 2 Thess. 3:3, 2 Tim. 2:13, 1 John 1:9, Rev. 19:11.

3cf. Deut. 7:9 Thou shalt know therefore, that the Lord thy God, he is God, a faithful God, who keeps covenant and mercy for them that love him, and for those that keep his commandments to a thousand generations," (Brenton)

46 of the 15 times the word “promise” occurs in the NT (40%), it refers to God’s promise to Abraham (cf. Acts 7:5. Rom. 4:21, Gal 3:19). We see it in the previous instance of the word “promise” in Hebrews 6:13 “For God, having promised to Abraham, since He had no one greater to swear by, He swore by Himself," (NAW), and in the subsequent instance of the word “promise” in Hebrews 11:11 “By faith Sarah... bore a child when she was past the age, because she judged Him faithful who had promised." (NKJV)

5This second verb kata-now (literally “think down”) is similar to the first one we encountered in v.23 kat’exw (literally “hold down the confession”).

6Most English versions translate this noun describing this action as though it were a verb, “stir up/spur on/stimulate,” which makes for a more concise translation in English and still gets the point across… No pun intended!

7“So Paul seeks to stir up the Corinthians by the example of the Macedonians (2Cor. 8:1-7)” ~A.T. Robertson

8There is some speculation among commentators as to the meaning of episunagwgen. Aquinas suggested it meant the church universal (as opposed to a local congregation), Calvin suggested that it described Jews exiting the church when Gentiles came in, Bengel suggested that it described a Christian “small-group” within a Jewish synagogue, and Hughes suggested it it should be understood as simply the regular gathering of Christian believers.

9See Appendix for a list

10cf. 2 Peter 2:20 "For if, after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through the knowledge [epignosis] of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they are again entangled in them and overcome, the latter end is worse for them than the beginning." (NKJV) “[T]he use of the emphatic επιγνοσις in place of the simple γνοσις marks the greatness of the fall which is contemplated.” ~Westcott “[T]he description here of the Christian gospel as ‘the knowledge of the truth’ may be intentionally opposed to the Essene emphasis, so freuent in the Qumran documents, on the possession of the knowledge of the truth...” ~P.E. Hughes

11This should not, however, be confused with the Novatian/Donatist heresy that forgiveness and restoration are impossible to a Christian who has backslidden.

12e.g. Zeph. 1:18 "And their silver and their gold shall in nowise be able to rescue them in the day of the Lord's wrath; but the whole land shall be devoured by the fire of his jealously; for he will bring a speedy destruction on all them that inhabit the land." Psalm 79:5-6 "How long, O Lord? wilt thou be angry for ever? shall thy jealousy burn like fire? Pour out thy wrath upon the heathen that have not known thee, and upon the kingdoms which have not called upon thy name." (Brenton) 2 Thes. 1:7-10 "...when the Lord Jesus is revealed from heaven with His mighty angels, in flaming fire taking vengeance on those who do not know God, and on those who do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. These shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord and from the glory of His power, when He comes, in that Day..." Rev. 18:8 "Therefore her plagues will come in one day—death and mourning and famine. And she will be utterly burned with fire, for strong is the Lord God who judges her." (NKJV)

13(Brenton) cf. Deut. 19, Ex. 21, and Lev. 24 on the death sentence for murder. Deuteronomy 17:6 adds that "He [the idol-worshipper] shall die on the testimony of two or three witnesses; a man who is put to death shall not be put to death for one witness." (Brenton). Deut. 17:12 – extended the death sentence to those who showed total disregard for Mosaic authority, Deut. 21 to the contumacious son, Deut 22 to the adulterous woman, and Deut. 24 to kidnappers.

141 Corinthians 7:14 "For the unbelieving husband has been made holy by his wife and the unbelieving wife has been made holy by the brother (otherwise your children are unclean, but now they are holy)." (NAW)

AThe Greek is the Majority text, edited by myself to follow the majority of the earliest-known manuscripts only when the early manuscript evidence is practically unanimous. My original document includes notes on the NKJV, NASB, NIV, & ESV English translations, but since they are all copyrighted, I cannot include them in my online document. Underlined words in English versions indicate a standalone difference from all other English translations of a certain word. Strikeout usually indicates that the English translation is, in my opinion, too far outside the range of meaning of the original Greek word. The addition of an X indicates a Greek word left untranslated – or a plural Greek word translated as an English singular. [Brackets] indicate words added in English not in the Greek. Key words are colored consistently across the chart to show correlations.

BThe Sinaiticus alone among the Greek manuscripts adds the pronoun “our” here, but it is picked up by the NIV & ESV. The definite article before “hope” could reasonably be interpreted “our” instead of “the” even without that manuscript evidence.

CThis is a noun occurring only 3 other times in the Greek Bible: Deut. 29:27 & Jer. 39:37 (which both speak of the Lord’s “great indignation” against His people’s sin), and Acts 15:39 (which speaks of the “bad feelings” that developed between Paul and Mark). The verb form of this word occurs more frequently in the Greek Bible (in 46 verses), mostly in the Old Testament describing God being “provoked” by sin, and also negatively in the 2 NT references: Acts 17:16 (Paul “provoked” by idols in Athens) & 1Cor. 13:5 (love is “provoked”). There are two instances of the verbal form however, which shed light on how we might apply the principle in Heb. 10, and they are Prov. 6:3 & 27:17.

DI don’t think this word should be limited in meaning to Louw & Nida’s semantic domain # 25.150 (“encourage”). It has overtones of all the meanings for this word, including: 33.168 (“earnestly entreat”), 33.315 (“invite”), and 33.310 (“call into conference”).

E“circumstantial participle here in a conditional sense” ~A.T. Robertson It’s curious that English translators universally interpreted it this way here, but didn’t so so two verses later when the same situation happens again!

FHapex Legomenonthis noun is derived from the verb ἐκδέχομαι.

GThe Hebrew and Greek originals of this quote are both future tense (Hebrew Imperfect) of the verb “to eat,” but the Apostle renders the verb as a present infinitive instead.

HThis is the only use of this verb in the NT which is not describing something more honorable or more preferable, but rather less honorable, thus judgment is more preferable.

IPerhaps allusion to the Messianic interpretation of Psalm 7:6-7, the Septuagint of which uses this verb. Cf. instances of this verb describing idolatrous Israel trampling on justice in Hosea 5, Amos 4 & 5, and Ezekiel 34. Later on, in poetic justice, God will trample these oppressors when the time comes for judgment (Mal. 3:21, Isa. 16:8-9, 25:10, 28:3, 63:3).

JThe Holy Spirit is called the “Spirit of Grace” in one other place in the Bible, Zechariah 12:9-10 “And it shall come to pass in that day, that I will seek to destroy all the nations that come against Jerusalem. And I will pour upon the house of David, and upon the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and compassion: and they shall look upon me, because they have mocked me, and they shall make lamentation for him, as for a beloved friend, and they shall grieve intensely, as for a firstborn son.” He is also connected with Trinitarian grace in Revelation 1:4-5 "...Grace to you and peace from Him who is and who was and who is to come, and from the seven Spirits who are before His throne, and from Jesus Christ..." (NKJV)

KHapex Legomenon, but the simpler verb (hubrizw – without the prefix) is more common and is lumped together with this prefixed form in Louw & Nida’s Lexicon as meaning the same thing.

LAlthough this is the reading of the majority of Greek manuscripts and of the traditional Greek editions, the two oldest-known Greek manuscripts (and about a half-dozen others throughout the centuries) do not contain this phrase, so contemporary critical editions leave it out. Early versions in other languages are pretty evenly divided on whether or not they include the phrase. The meaning doesn’t change either way, for the subject is the same Lord.

MThe majority of Greek manuscripts (and thus the traditional Greek editions) switch the order of the first two words of this clause, but the first manuscript in history that does so is in the 9th century. Every manuscript before that read with the same word-order of the original quote in both the Greek and the Hebrew. Switching the words lends emphasis to the subject “The Lord himself will judge...” but makes no essential difference. I wonder if the switch was a result of influence from Jewish targums which read ארום דאין הוא (Cairo Geniza, Neofitti, Jonathan), but the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Septuagint support the Masoretic text here without the emphatic subject.

NDeut. 1:19, 2:7, and 8:15 in the LXX all describe the wilderness wanderings with the same adjective, and then in 10:17, God Himself is described with the same adjective: Deuteronomy 10:17For the Lord your God, he is God of gods, and the Lord of lords, the great, and strong, and terrible [φοβερός] God, who does not accept persons, nor will he by any means accept a bribe” (Brenton)

OThis figure of speech could have been coined by Samson; he was the first in the Bible to use it in Judges 15:18.